The determination is preformed as titration with hydrochloric acid against a mixed indicator, which changes colour at pH 4.5. (Reaction basis according to, DIN EN ISO 9963-1 C24)

Carbonate hardness is that portion of calcium and magnesium ions which are present as carbonate or hydrogen carbonate.

Normally the carbonate hardness is smaller than the total hardness. If the carbonate hardness is larger than the total hardness, you should trace the origin of this abnormal conditions, e. g. discharge of alkali hydrogen carbonates or high buffer capacity.

The determination is preformed as titration with hydrochloric acid against a mixed indicator, which changes colour at pH 4.5. (Reaction basis according to, DIN EN ISO 9963-1 C24)

Carbonate hardness is that portion of calcium and magnesium ions which are present as carbonate or hydrogen carbonate.

Normally the carbonate hardness is smaller than the total hardness. If the carbonate hardness is larger than the total hardness, you should trace the origin of this abnormal conditions, e. g. discharge of alkali hydrogen carbonates or high buffer capacity.

The determination is preformed as titration with hydrochloric acid against a mixed indicator, which changes colour at pH 4.5. (Reaction basis according to, DIN EN ISO 9963-1 C24)

Carbonate hardness is that portion of calcium and magnesium ions which are present as carbonate or hydrogen carbonate.

Normally the carbonate hardness is smaller than the total hardness. If the carbonate hardness is larger than the total hardness, you should trace the origin of this abnormal conditions, e. g. discharge of alkali hydrogen carbonates or high buffer capacity.